Publications
Cyber, Intelligence, and Security, Volume 2, No. 2, December 2018

International law is applicable to cyberspace. There is international consensus that the UN Charter, which prohibits the use of force, applies to cyberspace. There is, nonetheless, some disagreement on what would constitute an armed attack in cyberspace, and consequently, what response would be permitted. Actions that do not amount to attack may still be prohibited by international law, for example if they constitute interference in the domestic affairs of states.
The opinions expressed in INSS publications are the authors’ alone.