Publications

The cyber realm is in the midst of evolving into another branch of state warfare, similar to ground, naval, air, and space warfare. As such, it is bound to give rise to a concise and mature operational doctrine that will adopt general military patterns and rationales and will be synergistically integrated with other lines of operation in the conventional campaign. Although several cyber superpowers have already developed suitable doctrines and capabilities, most of the world’s states are still focused on cybersecurity rather than on offensive and defensive cyberwarfare. Cybersecurity is based on generic products and practices designed to provide security against generic reference threats, which are often sub-state. In contrast, cyberwarfare is conducted against a specific opponent in a particular context, and is based on intelligence concerning the opponent that enables such cyberwarfare.