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Home Publications Memoranda Iran’s Involvement in the International Terrorism Arena

Iran’s Involvement in the International Terrorism Arena

Memorandum 244, July 2025

עברית
Yoram Schweitzer
Anat Shapira

Over the past five years, Iran’s activity in the arena of international terrorism has significantly intensified, spreading across vast geographic regions and incorporating criminal organizations in the execution of terrorist operations. Although most Iranian terrorism attempts have been thwarted, there is no guarantee that this success will persist in the future. It is therefore necessary to examine the characteristics of Iran’s use of terrorism in order to improve the chances of countering it.


This memorandum examines Iran’s policy regarding its use of terrorism in the international arena over the past five years, the trends that have characterized it, and its modes of operation-placing these elements within the broader historical context of Iran’s employment of terrorism.


An analysis of Iran’s terrorism policy reveals a troubling trend, illustrating that Iran remains committed to employing international terrorism and is even amplifying its efforts in this regard, demonstrating a willingness to risk friction with numerous states in order to pursue its policy. This trend requires close attention, both in its own right and because it signals Iran’s growing audacity and confidence in violating international norms and the sovereignty of states-behaviors that may also manifest in other contexts.


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Table of Contents:

This memorandum examines Iran’s policy of utilizing terrorism, with a particular focus on the past five years, during which Iran has significantly increased terrorist activity in the international arena. During this period, Iran has demonstrated unwavering commitment to executing terrorist activities on a broad geographical scale, showing willingness to risk friction with multiple nations in pursuit of its violent policy...
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The concepts of “state-sponsored terrorism” and “state sponsor of terrorism” became integral components of the international terrorism landscape over five decades ago. State support for terrorism, whether through direct involvement or via proxies, has significantly enhanced terrorist organizations’ power and operational capabilities, without which they would struggle to sustain their effectiveness, let alone achieve their current prominence within international relations...
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Since the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Iran has employed terrorism as one of its central strategic tools. Over the years, Iran has armed, trained, financed, organized, and supported various terrorist organizations worldwide, in addition to directly conducting terrorist operations through its agents...
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This chapter explores the trends that have characterized Iran’s direct involvement in terrorist attacks throughout its years as a state sponsor of terrorism, emphasizing recent trends over the past five years and how these differ from previous periods...
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The execution of terrorist attacks by Iran is managed and overseen by several key bodies. This is consistent with the broader structure of the Iranian government, which often relies on institutional duplication in many aspects of its operations...
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The Iranian regime’s use of proxy organizations is an integral part of its asymmetric warfare strategy, stemming from its perception that Iran’s military capabilities are inferior compared to those of some of its regional and international adversaries—foremost among them, the United States and Israel...
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This section provides an in-depth analysis of several significant Iranian terrorist attempts in recent years, highlighting the operational methods characteristic of Iran’s actions as demonstrated by these incidents...
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Hostage diplomacy is a term used to describe the phenomenon of states arresting or abducting foreign citizens or dual nationals as a means of exerting influence over other countries, with the aim of achieving political, diplomatic, or economic goals (Alexander & Bou Serhal, 2024; Lau, 2022)...
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This memorandum examines Iran’s involvement in the landscape of international terrorism, focusing on trends that have characterized its activities in recent years...
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The opinions expressed in INSS publications are the authors’ alone.
Yoram Schweitzer
Yoram Schweitzer, an expert on international terrorism and head of the INSS Program on Terrorism and Low Intensity Conflict, has been a researcher at the Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), which incorporated the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies (JCSS), since February 2003, following a distinguished career in the Israeli intelligence community as well as in the academic world. Among other positions, he served as a consultant on counter-terror strategies to the prime minister's office and the Ministry of Defense, Head of the Counter International Terror Section in the IDF, and a member in a Task Force dealing with Israeli MIAs at the Prime Minister's Office. Mr. Schweitzer was a researcher and head of Educational Curriculum at the International Policy Institute for Counter Terrorism (ICT) at the Inter Disciplinary Center in Herzliya.
Anat Shapira
Anat Shapira is a researcher at the “Israel’s National Security Policy” research Program at the INSS and a PhD candidate in the Philosophy Department of Tel Aviv University. Her dissertation focuses on the Moral Foundations of War Ethics. In the course of her work, Anat examines the effect that adopting different normative approaches has on questions like "when is it just to go to war?" and "Which means is it just to use during a war". In her work in the INSS she focuses on issues concerning the relationship between the military and the society in Israel and the national resilience of Israel.
Publication Series Memoranda
TopicsIranIran: The International ArenaIran: The Regional ArenaTerrorism and Low Intensity Conflict
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    • Topics
      • Israel and the Global Powers
      • Israel-United States Relations
      • Glazer Israel-China Policy Center
      • Russia
      • Europe
      • Iran and the Shi'ite Axis
      • Iran
      • The Israel–Iran War
      • Lebanon and Hezbollah
      • Syria
      • Yemen and the Houthi Movement
      • Iraq and the Iraqi Shiite Militias
      • Conflict to Agreements
      • Israeli-Palestinian Relations
      • Hamas and the Gaza Strip
      • Peace Agreements and Normalization in the Middle East
      • Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States
      • Turkey
      • Egypt
      • Jordan
      • Israel’s National Security Policy
      • Military and Strategic Affairs
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      • Jewish-Arab Relations in Israel
      • Climate, Infrastructure and Energy
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